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Crystals PrimerChapter 8: Refinement
CRYSTALS was originally developed to perform difficult or complex
refinements, and was subsequently modified to simplify the treatment of
routine cases. There are seven components of a refinement strategy.
[Top] [Index] Manuals generated on Wednesday 8 November 2006 8.1: Structure factor control listThe default values in this list are usually suitable. Some switches may be reset automatically by CRYSTALS. You will be told when this happens. For disordered structures, you may need to inhibit special position checking, or reduce the tolerance for atom matching. e.g. !\LIST 23 !REFINE SPECIAL=TEST UPDATE=NO !END or !\LIST 23 !REFINE TOLERANCE = .1 !END
[Top] [Index] Manuals generated on Wednesday 8 November 2006 8.2: Refinement definitionDefining the parameters to be refined. This information is held separately from the atom coordinates, in LIST 12. This list also contains information about the matrix blocking, constrained parameters, riding parameters, rigid groups and other special processes. The release version of CRYSTALS will refine about 5,000 atoms by large -block diagonal methods, or 1400 selected parameters full matrix. The parameters to be refined are specified in LIST 12. See the note above on atomic parameters and parameter names. e.g. !\LIST 12 !FULL X'S U[ISO] !END !\LIST 12 !BLOCK SCALE X'S U'S !END !\LIST 12 !FULL X'S !CONTINUE FIRST(U'S) UNTIL C(30) !CONTINUE H(1,U[ISO]) UNTIL LAST !END
The first example gives full matrix isotropic refinement, the second
full matrix anisotropic refinement. The third is a mixed aniso-iso
refinement.
FULL always implies refinement of the over all scale factor.
The matrix will be large, so you may need to
extend the .DSC file if automatic extension is not enabled. See the
sections on ADVANCED REFINEMENT and on CRYSINIT files.
[Top] [Index] Manuals generated on Wednesday 8 November 2006 8.3: Special positionsTreatment of atoms on special positions. This can be done automatically, by a switch in LIST 23, on demand by issuing \SPECIAL, or manually in LIST 12. CRYSTALS automatically applies the constraints or restraints necessary for
the treatment of atoms on special positions, and adjusts the site
occupancy. Default actions are set in LIST 23, and if these are disabled
they can be set on demand with \SPECIAL. The user needs only be concerned
with partial occupancy due to disorder, etc.
[Top] [Index] Manuals generated on Wednesday 8 November 2006 8.4: Treatment of reflectionse.g. !\LIST 28 !MINIMA RATIO=3.0 !READ NOMISSION=2 !OMIT 2 0 0 !OMIT 0 2 2 !END
[Top] [Index] Manuals generated on Wednesday 8 November 2006 8.5: Weighting the reflectionsThe default, unit, weights are suitable for initial refinement. !\LIST 4 !END
!\LIST 4 !SCHEME NUMBER = 14, NPARAM=3 !END !\WEIGHT !END !\ANALYSE !END
!\LIST 4 !SCHEME 16 NPARAM=3 !PARAM .001 3.0 1.0 !END
The ANALYSE command produces an analysis of residuals. The column headed
<w*deltasq> should be more or less constant for suitable weights.
[Top] [Index] Manuals generated on Wednesday 8 November 2006 8.6: RestraintsTreatment of restraints. These are stored in LIST 16, and applied or not depending on a switch in LIST 23. CRYSTALS offers many restraints. They are stored in symbolic form in LIST 16, and are converted to computable format by \LIST 26. e.g. !\LIST 16 !DIST 1.39, .01 = C(10) TO C(11), C(10) TO C(15) !DIST 0.0 , .01 = MEAN C(1) TO C(2), C(1) TO C(6) !PLANAR C(101) UNTIL C(106) !VIBRATION 0.0 , .01 = MEAN C(1) TO C(2), C(1) TO C(6) !SUM Ca(1,OCC) FE(1,OCC) Al(1,OCC) !END !\CHECK !END
The distance and angle restraints using the mean value of the observed molecular parameters is especially valuable for imposing molecular symmetry without the user being required to know the target values. e.g. for a phenyl group bonded though C(1) !\LIST 16 !DIST 0.0, .001 = MEAN C(1) to C(2), C(1) TO C(6) !DIST 0.0, .001 = MEAN C(2) to C(3), C(6) TO C(5) !DIST 0.0, .001 = MEAN C(3) to C(4), C(5) TO C(4) !ANGLE 0.0, .02 = MEAN C(1) to C(2) to C(3), !CONTINUE C(1) to C(6) to C(5) !ANGLE 0.0, .02 = MEAN C(2) to C(3) to C(4), !CONTINUE C(6) to C(5) to C(4) !END
[Top] [Index] Manuals generated on Wednesday 8 November 2006 8.7: Least SquaresLeast squares are initiated once the preparations are completed. For large structures it is sensible to do the preparations interactively, and run the LS in batch. If refinement converges or diverges before the specified number of cycles, refinement is terminated. The user can always demand one cycle. !\SFLS !SCALE !REFINE !REFINE !CALCULATE !END
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© Copyright Chemical Crystallography Laboratory, Oxford, 2006.
Comments or queries to David Watkin -
david.watkin@chem.ox.ac.uk Telephone +44 1865 285019.
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